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    Genomic analysis reveals key aspects of prokaryotic symbiosis in the phototrophic consortium “Chlorochromatium aggregatum”

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    Authors
    Liu, Zhenfeng
    Müller, Johannes
    Li, Tao
    Alvey, Richard M
    Vogl, Kajetan
    Frigaard, Niels-Ulrik
    Rockwell, Nathan C
    Boyd, Eric S
    Tomsho, Lynn P
    Schuster, Stephan C
    Henke, Petra
    Rohde, Manfred
    Overmann, Jörg cc
    Bryant, Donald A
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    Issue Date
    2013-11-22
    
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    Abstract
    Abstract Background ‘Chlorochromatium aggregatum’ is a phototrophic consortium, a symbiosis that may represent the highest degree of mutual interdependence between two unrelated bacteria not associated with a eukaryotic host. ‘Chlorochromatium aggregatum’ is a motile, barrel-shaped aggregate formed from a single cell of ‘Candidatus Symbiobacter mobilis”, a polarly flagellated, non-pigmented, heterotrophic bacterium, which is surrounded by approximately 15 epibiont cells of Chlorobium chlorochromatii, a non-motile photolithoautotrophic green sulfur bacterium. Results We analyzed the complete genome sequences of both organisms to understand the basis for this symbiosis. Chl. chlorochromatii has acquired relatively few symbiosis-specific genes; most acquired genes are predicted to modify the cell wall or function in cell-cell adhesion. In striking contrast, ‘Ca. S. mobilis’ appears to have undergone massive gene loss, is probably no longer capable of independent growth, and thus may only reproduce when consortia divide. A detailed model for the energetic and metabolic bases of the dependency of ‘Ca. S. mobilis’ on Chl. chlorochromatii is described. Conclusions Genomic analyses suggest that three types of interactions lead to a highly sophisticated relationship between these two organisms. Firstly, extensive metabolic exchange, involving carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur sources as well as vitamins, occurs from the epibiont to the central bacterium. Secondly, ‘Ca. S. mobilis’ can sense and move towards light and sulfide, resources that only directly benefit the epibiont. Thirdly, electron cycling mechanisms, particularly those mediated by quinones and potentially involving shared protonmotive force, could provide an important basis for energy exchange in this and other symbiotic relationships.
    Citation
    Genome Biology. 2013 Nov 22;14(11):R127
    URI
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-2013-14-11-r127
    http://hdl.handle.net/10033/620758
    Type
    Journal Article
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    publications of the department Central Unit of Microscopy [ZEIM]

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