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dc.contributor.authorRohde, Manfred
dc.date.accessioned2019-09-17T14:11:59Z
dc.date.available2019-09-17T14:11:59Z
dc.date.issued2019-05-24
dc.identifier.citationMicrobiol Spectr. 2019 May;7(3). doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0044-2018.en_US
dc.identifier.issn2165-0497
dc.identifier.pmid31124431
dc.identifier.doi10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0044-2018
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10033/621946
dc.description.abstractThe chapter about the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall gives a brief historical background on the discovery of Gram-positive cell walls and their constituents and microscopic methods applied for studying the Gram-positive cell envelope. Followed by the description of the different chemical building blocks of peptidoglycan and the biosynthesis of the peptidoglycan layers and high turnover of peptidoglycan during bacterial growth. Lipoteichoic acids and wall teichoic acids are highlighted as major components of the cell wall. Characterization of capsules and the formation of extracellular vesicles by Gram-positive bacteria close the section on cell envelopes which have a high impact on bacterial pathogenesis. In addition, the specialized complex and unusual cell wall of mycobacteria is introduced thereafter. Next a short back view is given on the development of electron microscopic examinations for studying bacterial cell walls. Different electron microscopic techniques and methods applied to examine bacterial cell envelopes are discussed in the view that most of the illustrated methods should be available in a well-equipped life sciences orientated electron microscopic laboratory. In addition, newly developed and mostly well-established cryo-methods like high-pressure freezing and freeze-substitution (HPF-FS) and cryo-sections of hydrated vitrified bacteria (CEMOVIS, Cryo-electron microscopy of vitreous sections) are described. At last, modern cryo-methods like cryo-electron tomography (CET) and cryo-FIB-SEM milling (focus ion beamscanning electron microscopy) are introduced which are available only in specialized institutions, but at present represent the best available methods and techniques to study Gram-positive cell walls under close-to-nature conditions in great detail and at high resolution.en_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherAmerican Society for Microbiologyen_US
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/*
dc.subjectEcologyen_US
dc.subjectMicrobiology (medical)en_US
dc.subjectGeneral Immunology and Microbiologyen_US
dc.subjectGeneticsen_US
dc.subjectCell Biologyen_US
dc.subjectPhysiologyen_US
dc.subjectInfectious Diseasesen_US
dc.titleThe Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Wallen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.contributor.departmentHZI,Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH, Inhoffenstr. 7,38124 Braunschweig, Germany.en_US
dc.identifier.journalMicrobiology spectrumen_US
dc.source.volume7
dc.source.issue3


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